The Fantasy Of The Garden Of Eden The Erotic Nature Of Man

Name: Jenna Bachew Prof: Kristin Rajan Class: World Literature Date: December 5, 2014 The Serpent in the Garden of Eden: The Erotic Nature of Man The book of Genesis chronicles the process of Creation and highlights the story of the first man and woman who lived in God s paradise or the Garden of Eden. Adam and Eve were both innocent and carefree people until the serpent tempted Eve to eat the forbidden fruit from the Tree of Knowledge. Many scholars interpreted this scene as the fall of man and believed that the serpent was symbolic of Satan. Kimelman Reuven suggests that, by identifying the serpent with Satan and Satan with the evil impulse, the struggle is interjected into the interior life of Eve. He points out that the serpent is a temptation that ignites the evil nature of Eve so that even if she has prior knowledge that eating the forbidden fruit is a wrong, she still goes ahead and eats it. Though Reuven s interpretation seems attractive and is supported by the majority of the Christian teachings, I believe that the serpent symbolizes a more specific and deepe r meaning concerning humans and their existence in the world. I disagree in this instance that Satan is using the form of a serpent to deceive Eve and triumph over God. I disagree because if we take the serpent as a symbol of the devil in this particular story, such interpretation would not have justified God s decision to put the serpent in the garden together with his beloved human creations. GivenShow MoreRelatedArt Museum And Its Effects On Sexual History2572 Words   |  11 PagesAttending the world s largest erotic art museum has encouraged me to view sexuality with a more opened minded perception. Sexuality is very diverse for instance, in the way sexual acts are performed and carried out. Historically, it seems that individuals are biologically and genetically programmed to seek out sexual behaviors with others. Either for the means of reproduction or their own personal pleasure, but one thing is very evident sex is pleasurable and enjoyable for most. However, culturalRead More The Forgotten Female in the Works of Ernest Hemingway Essay3143 Words   |  13 Pagesthis world of selfishness represented in Hemingways canon, the lost, lamented for values include faith, hope, and security as well as fertility, creativity, love, peace, and human brotherhood for maintaining life. . . . Harrys last words, A man alone aint got no bloody fucking chance (THAHN 225), imply that togetherness may be the first step toward healing. Searching within the abyss of nada for meaning, people must first reform and embrace each other before they can reform and embraceRead MoreThe Sexual Exploitation Of Women Is Made Clear From The Work Of Atwood, Rossetti And Chaucer3015 Words   |  13 Pagesis put across more physically, whereas in Rossetti poetry, it is seen to be portrayed in a more mental state of mind.Another idea, is that the idea of female sexual exploitation can be seen in a religious way, with biblical references to the Garden of Eden. However, women are n ot always presented as completely passive which contradicts my previous point, there are a number of examples which show women reacting against this and embracing the fact that they are female, starting a feminist movement

Fake Myth Free Essays

How Shadows Came To Be In the kingdom of Ridonicorn, there was a peculiar king named Shade. He claimed that he could stalk anyone without being seen. The Olympians knew him well, for his boasts were somewhat true. We will write a custom essay sample on Fake Myth or any similar topic only for you Order Now Often times, they bet on him to see if he tail people. Poseidon and Hermes almost always won the bets since they usually on the same side. If there was ever an argument, Artemis would settle it by choosing the right side of the bet. One day, Hermes and Poseidon didn’t place the same bet. Artemis was not there to settle the argument. This may seem trivial but it greatly upset the Olympians. They were so confused that no one else placed a bet. Poseidon thought Shade would not be able to follow the mysterious citizen and Hermes thought he would. Shade had already followed the citizen one mile into the enchanted forest near Ridonicorn when he heard a voice telling him to come into the bushes. He obeyed silently and went off his path. â€Å"What dost thou want? † said Shade to the voice. Then, right before his eyes, an old man with a cane came out of nowhere and said to him; â€Å"Only to help my king. † Shade was curious at his response In his weird manner of talking, he said; â€Å"What would thou doest to helpeth me in my quest from the gods? † â€Å"I have an enchanted necklace,† replied the old man. â€Å"that will make it so that no one can see hear you but the gods. † â€Å"Give it to me now! † ordered Shade. The old man gave it to him and Shade immediately put it on. â€Å"Did it work? † he asked the old man. Deceivingly, the old man replied; â€Å"Shade? Where did you go? † Shade was filled with happiness and continued his peculiar errand. He did not know that the old man was Hermes and could indeed see and hear him. Hermes was trying to â€Å"secure† his success of his bet with the necklace. However, no one knew that the person who Shade was stalking could see and hear him perfectly. She was Artemis. She had left Olympus to take a break and hunt since she was not a good mood. When she noticed that Hermes was trying to win a bet, she was filled with nger. She shot an arrow right past Shade’s head. Shade was surprised since he thought he could not be noticed. â€Å"You think I can’t see you, mortal? † Shade shuddered. The way she said â€Å"mortal† made it seem as if she wasn’t. He was too late to notice and Artemis placed a curse on him. He and his offspring were forced to follow everyone without secrecy. Poseidon won the bet, Hermes had t o do Poseidon’s chores for a millennium, and Shade (now Shadow) and his children had to follow everyone while always being seen for eternity. How to cite Fake Myth, Papers

Free on Nathaniel Hawthornes Scarlet Letter Essay Example For Students

Free on Nathaniel Hawthornes Scarlet Letter Essay The Effects of Sin on Hester Scarlet Letter essaysThe Scarlet Letter The Effects of Sin on Hester Prynne Nathaniel Hawthorne believed his task was to analyze the effects of sin, whether thought or committed, on the human heart and mind. Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter, deals with many themes, the most powerful being sin. In this novel, Hester Prynne becomes a highly respected person in a Puritan society by overcoming a constant reminder of her sin, a Scarlet letter A which she wears on her chest at all times. This object on her bosom; however, does the exact opposite of the initial purpose. Eventually, Hester reverses all the odds that are against here due to her courage, pride and effort. Hester went beyond the letter of the law and did everything asked of her in order to prove that she is able. She comes from an impoverished but genteel English family, having lived in a decayed house of gray stone, with a poverty stricken aspect, but retaining a half-obliterated sheild of arms over the portal, in token of antique gentility. But even without that specific indication of her high birth, the reader would know that Hester is a lady, from her bearing and pride. Especially in Chapter two, when she bravely faces the humiliation of the scaffold: And never had Hester Prynne appeared more lady-like, in the antique interpretation of the term, than as she issued from the prison, Hesters daughter, Pearl, is a blessing and is a reminder of her sin. As if the scarlet A were not enough punishment there was a brat of that hellish breed which would remind Hester of what had happened in the past. The brat could have been given away to Governor Bellingham yet Hester proclaimed that Pearl is my happiness! Ye shall not take her! I will die first! Not a person in Boston, nor Hester herself thought highly of the little child and yet Hester still refused to let Pearl go. Hester carried the child around only because it was a direct reflection of her sin and to cast away her sin as freely as that to give it away would be unjust and unfair to Hester and Pearl. From now on Hester would continually and proudly be near Pearl. Hester would go against the grain in everything she did. Very rarely did she ever give up hope; never did she complete a job poorly. In the city of Boston many people refused to interpret the scarlet A by its original signification. They said that it meant Able; so strong was Hester Prynne, with a womans strength. By now the people of Boston believe in Hester and accept her because Hester is an arduous, productive worker in the puritan society. The townspeople were reconsidering whether Hester was still worthy of wearing the scarlet letter by the time Hester was about to leave with Dimmesdale. The people of the town realized what an exquisite job Hester had done wearing the A and what once was evil inside of Hester turned into righteousness outside of her. Although Hester eventually wins acceptance by the towns people because of her community service, it is not until after the death of her secret lover, Reverend Dimmsdale, and the marriage of her daughter that she is able to return to the town. There she becomes a revered figure in the community, one to whom people brought all their sorrows and perplexities, and besought her counsel. Hester learns from her sin, and she grows strong as a result of accepting her punishment. The scarlet letter was her passport into regions where other women dared not treat. Shame, Despair, Solitude! These had been her teachers, stern and wild ones, and they had made her strong. At the end of the novel Hester emerges from her experiences and is revealed to be a woman capable of helping others and being respected by them. .uf69462df92126d4c8d3c4b948049ca36 , .uf69462df92126d4c8d3c4b948049ca36 .postImageUrl , .uf69462df92126d4c8d3c4b948049ca36 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf69462df92126d4c8d3c4b948049ca36 , .uf69462df92126d4c8d3c4b948049ca36:hover , .uf69462df92126d4c8d3c4b948049ca36:visited , .uf69462df92126d4c8d3c4b948049ca36:active { border:0!important; } .uf69462df92126d4c8d3c4b948049ca36 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf69462df92126d4c8d3c4b948049ca36 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf69462df92126d4c8d3c4b948049ca36:active , .uf69462df92126d4c8d3c4b948049ca36:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf69462df92126d4c8d3c4b948049ca36 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf69462df92126d4c8d3c4b948049ca36 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf69462df92126d4c8d3c4b948049ca36 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf69462df92126d4c8d3c4b948049ca36 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf69462df92126d4c8d3c4b948049ca36:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf69462df92126d4c8d3c4b948049ca36 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf69462df92126d4c8d3c4b948049ca36 .uf69462df92126d4c8d3c4b948049ca36-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf69462df92126d4c8d3c4b948049ca36:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Project Management Essay She has the happiness that comes of being at peace with oneself, ones fellow men, and with ones God.

Twelfth night Persuasive Essay Example For Students

Twelfth night Persuasive Essay Throughout the play Olivia can be considered one of the three main characters that accepts best the societal roles placed upon her and follows the orthodox rules imposed on her the most. Nevertheless, Olivia does still take a stand, which is against the orthodox and continues to do this right until the end of the play. By falling in love with the disguised Viola Olivia allows herself to love another woman in the way she should only consider loving a male character. We will write a custom essay on Twelfth night Persuasive specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Olivia, however, is not aware of the fact that she is desiring a female as she only ever meets the character of Viola dressed as Cesario until the end of the play. However, it is worth noting that Olivia does become infatuated with feminine qualities3 that are displayed to her by Cesario, but she fails to see these as being female qualities at the same time. She therefore can be consider on this point to be the one who fits in with the orthodox view taken by society, still though she fails to fully fit into the role determined for her by this orthodoxy on other areas of her life. Within the play, Olivia can be considered, as a character that feels she has to hide from what she actually is, a female4. By being in charge of a household and running it successfully, and also by having a male relative who is dependent on her generosity and money, she appears to be encouraging the theory that she has many masculine qualities, it could be said that she has all the masculine qualities the Duke fails to have. This notion of her being desperate to be thought of as having masculine qualities can be seen by her asking Sebastian (who she thinks is Cesario) to marry her where the orthodox approach would be for the male to ask her to marry him. By the conclusion of the play Olivia has fulfilled a female normality of the time and is wed to the one, she thinks she loves (Sebastian although she thinks he is Cesario) and this can be considered as imposing the orthodox on her character. When considering when the orthodox is re-imposed upon the characters at the end of Twelfth Night the characters of Sir Toby and Maria need to be taken into consideration. Throughout the play the character of Sir Toby is portrayed as being a drunk who is dependent upon Olivia for his existence. This can be considered as a role reversal because in Elizabethan society it would normally be the females (or other male family members) dependent upon the male heads of families for support, while in this play it is a female who supports his lifestyle. The fact that Sir Toby is a drunk could conceivable considered an accurate interpretation of a male who did not need to work within Elizabethan society. Maria however can be considered as portraying herself accurately within the confines of society as she works as Olivias maid to earn her keep and never really steps into the male role, except perhaps in consideration to her role in the deceit played upon Malvolio. At the end of the play, Maria and Sir Toby come together and the play leaves them intending to get married. This is an imposition of the orthodox in so much as the fact that the two end up with a suitable partner for each other concerning the sexes of the two. However this relationship also presents the unorthodox as it shows Maria marrying out of her social class and into a higher one, and also it leaves unanswered the reason for the marriage of the two, whether it is love and desire or whether they marry simply to evade the consequences of their actions with regards to the trick of Malvolio. .u9f5aac8073a8b947ae4322b3072ea4eb , .u9f5aac8073a8b947ae4322b3072ea4eb .postImageUrl , .u9f5aac8073a8b947ae4322b3072ea4eb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9f5aac8073a8b947ae4322b3072ea4eb , .u9f5aac8073a8b947ae4322b3072ea4eb:hover , .u9f5aac8073a8b947ae4322b3072ea4eb:visited , .u9f5aac8073a8b947ae4322b3072ea4eb:active { border:0!important; } .u9f5aac8073a8b947ae4322b3072ea4eb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9f5aac8073a8b947ae4322b3072ea4eb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9f5aac8073a8b947ae4322b3072ea4eb:active , .u9f5aac8073a8b947ae4322b3072ea4eb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9f5aac8073a8b947ae4322b3072ea4eb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9f5aac8073a8b947ae4322b3072ea4eb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9f5aac8073a8b947ae4322b3072ea4eb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9f5aac8073a8b947ae4322b3072ea4eb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9f5aac8073a8b947ae4322b3072ea4eb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9f5aac8073a8b947ae4322b3072ea4eb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9f5aac8073a8b947ae4322b3072ea4eb .u9f5aac8073a8b947ae4322b3072ea4eb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9f5aac8073a8b947ae4322b3072ea4eb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Peking Opera EssayIn Twelfth Night, the characters of Malvolio and Feste also need to be considered as to whether they are at the end of the play imposed upon to follow the orthodoxy of the society. In consideration of Feste, it can be said that the end of the play marks his return to the character he plays at the beginning, but lost towards the end when he became embroiled in the plot of trickery against Malvolio. At the establishment of Feste, the audience is introduced to the role of the fool who transcends social class boundaries and legitimately makes fun of both worlds in the name of comedy. Feste is never portrayed as being directly involved in the action of any of the characters, although he insinuates he is very much aware of the fact the Cesario is actually a woman, and this allows him to remain outside of the action will being a narrator of types for all the characters. When Feste does become part of the trickery of Malvolio and pretends to be Sir Topas, his character becomes a main part in the darker side of the comical play and this is unorthodox for his character. The character, which the audience is first introduced to at the beginning of the play, re-emerges at the end of the play and so it can be said that Feste has an imposing of what is orthodox for his character through the ending. The character of Malvolio is the one character that at the end of the play has none of what he normally is throughout the rest of the play given back to him. When Sir Toby, Sir Andrew, Fabian and Maria conspire and trick Malvolio for the sole purpose of then declaring him as crazy he loses all that he has previously had and is locked away. Through the rest of the play, it is revealed that Malvolio wishes to marry Olivia and make himself higher in the social classes of society and it is through the love for himself that he feels that he is justified in attempting to take this course of action. Malvolio never gets to achieve this aim, and it is probable that he never would anyway even without the interference of the conspirators, and this would have been unusual to happen in society during this period in history anyway so therefore in this respect it could be said that normality was brought to Malvolio. However when he is declared as crazy he loses his position within society and by the end of the play although the plot against him is uncovered he never full recovers from this taint and therefore it could be considered that he has not fully had restored to him what he would normally have. Antonios character within Twelfth Night can be seen as being both one of orthodoxy and unorthodoxy simultaneously, and by the end of the play he can be described as having what is deemed orthodox re-imposed upon him. Antonios impassioned friendship for Sebastian is one of those ardent attachments between young people of the same sex which Shakespeare frequently presents with his positive emphasis, as exhibiting the loving and lovable qualities later expressed in love for the other sex. (p246)5 The relationship of Antonio and Sebastian therefore can be seen as unorthodox as it can be defined in modern day terms as being one of a homosexual nature. However, to the early modern audience this would be interpreted simple as being normal as there was not the present day terms of homo/hetero sexual to define it in any other terms but that of normalcy. .uf9a8402dbdd9f3f11858867d4cb576e4 , .uf9a8402dbdd9f3f11858867d4cb576e4 .postImageUrl , .uf9a8402dbdd9f3f11858867d4cb576e4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf9a8402dbdd9f3f11858867d4cb576e4 , .uf9a8402dbdd9f3f11858867d4cb576e4:hover , .uf9a8402dbdd9f3f11858867d4cb576e4:visited , .uf9a8402dbdd9f3f11858867d4cb576e4:active { border:0!important; } .uf9a8402dbdd9f3f11858867d4cb576e4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf9a8402dbdd9f3f11858867d4cb576e4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf9a8402dbdd9f3f11858867d4cb576e4:active , .uf9a8402dbdd9f3f11858867d4cb576e4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf9a8402dbdd9f3f11858867d4cb576e4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf9a8402dbdd9f3f11858867d4cb576e4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf9a8402dbdd9f3f11858867d4cb576e4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf9a8402dbdd9f3f11858867d4cb576e4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf9a8402dbdd9f3f11858867d4cb576e4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf9a8402dbdd9f3f11858867d4cb576e4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf9a8402dbdd9f3f11858867d4cb576e4 .uf9a8402dbdd9f3f11858867d4cb576e4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf9a8402dbdd9f3f11858867d4cb576e4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Check 21-The Float has sunk EssayAt the end of the play Antonio loses Sebastian to Olivia and therefore the modern reader, whom can be said to interpret their relationship in a sexual manner, is able to say this issue is resolved by a re-imposition of the orthodox. Twelfth Night can be seen as having a mark of orthodoxy re-imposed upon it by the end, however with regards certain issues it keeps its unorthodoxy and refrains from having societal norms imposed. By the end of the play, Shakespeare has successfully returned the gender roles, which are made ambiguous in the play to what they would have considered in Elizabethan society as being successful. With the ending of the play he also has also ensured that all, male and female desires are matched in a heterosexual match and that there are no homoerotic relationships of desire left in their entirety. It is however not fully imposed upon by the orthodox as the relationship between Viola and Orisino can be considered as being unorthodox in respect to his love for illusion of Cesario and not the person of Viola. Furthermore, although most characters are returned to their normal selves by the end of the play the character of Malvolio proves to be the exception and remains the character that the orthodoxy of all others is kept from. Bibliography Shakespeare, W. (Ed. Watts, C. ) Twelfth Night Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions, 1993 Eagleton, T. William Shakespeare Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986 Danson, L. Shakespeares Dramatic Genres Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000 Waller G. (Ed. ) Shakespeares Comedies Essex: Addison Wesley Longham, 1996 Leggatt, A. (Ed. ) The Cambridge Companion to Shakespearean Comedy Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002 Pennington, M. Twelfth Night: A Users Guide London: Nick Hern Books, 2000 http://www. mala. bc. ca/~johnstoi/eng366/lectures/twelfthnight. htm lecture prepared by Ian Johnston of Malaspina University-College, Nanaimo. (January 2001) 1 Penny Gay, As She Likes It Shakespeares Unruly Women (London: Routledge, 1994) 2 Twelfth Night study guide at www. sparknotes. com 3 C. L. Barber Shakespeares Festive Comedies (USA: Princeton University Press. 1990) 4 G. K. Hunter Shakespeare: The Later Comedies (Essex: Longmans, Green and Co. 1962) 5 C. L. Barber Shakespeares Festive Comedies (USA: Princeton University Press. 1990) Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our University Degree Twelfth Night section.

Free Essays on Things Fall Apart

I will not be able to truly define the importance of â€Å"Things Fall Apart† in the African culture and especially the Ibo culture. Reading after reading, you get to embrace more the real context of the book. Chinua Achebe had accomplished a brilliant portrait of the traditional Africa. It is also true that without a preliminary introduction to the principles of the tradition one would be lost. That is where â€Å"Muntu†, from Janheinz Jahn, particularly helps. It introduces the cultural elements of a traditional tribe such as: Nommo, Magara, ancestral presences and Muntu. In â€Å"Things Fall Apart†, these terms are present; probably not explicitly but through the rituals, sacrifices and characters, those terms live. In the following pages, I am going to try to share with you what I discovered and how I interpreted the principles of â€Å"Muntu† in â€Å"Things Fall Apart†. I am going to browse some important situations; I think will illustrate th ose principles and put my thought on the matter. In the first few pages, we are exposed to the relation between Okonkwo and its father, Unoka. As different they appear to be, there lives crossed the same path; dying without burial. Unoka is a peaceful man, and likes to play music and instruments. Also he is a great talker, somewhat always getting what he is seeking. But as well, he is as lazy and debtful as a man can be. On the other hand, his son, Okonkwo, is a real strong man. His life is driven by fear and anger. Fear, because he is working hard not to become like his father; anger, because all he inherited from his father is debts; no barns, no yam-seeds and on top he had, from an early age, to work to feed his family and his mother who implies as well his father: a woman could not eat if her husband was starving. It probably would explain why Okonkwo did not grow as mentally as he grew physically. I mean that despite the living of Unoka, he had a very strong Nommo (power of the word). He a... Free Essays on Things Fall Apart Free Essays on Things Fall Apart Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe Things Fall Apart provides excellent examples of an African culture, in a way that it seems more like an anthropological case study, as opposed to a novel. It is because of this unusual format that it gives the me a chance to see the roles that people play in their society, especially in a culture that is far different from the one in which I live. As I look at the society in which the Ibo people live, I can draw a similar parallel between some of the roles of the characters and the roles that some people play in our society. It is this principle that connects all cultures to a similar base that cultures either are, or once were distinctly patriarchal, as seen in Things Fall Apart and American societies. In Things Fall Apart, we see Okonkwo as a very strong warrior, and respected member of his community. He has three wives and eight children. He has achieved such a high status in his society through his fighting ability and diplomatic capabilities. Therefore, he becomes a member of the second highest class of men in his clan. Of course, he has to have some sort of a fatal flaw, which in his case is a violent temper. When I read this novel, his character reminded me of the character Oedipus in Oedipus the King written by Sophocles. In the case of Oedipus, he kills his father, unknowingly, because a man cut him off in his travels. The similarity to Okonkwo is that Okonkwo has been known to hurt people when he is having trouble communicating. This similarity provokes a foreshadowing of Okonkwo’s anger somehow forcing him to do something hasty, without realizing the consequences of what he is doing. This is presented when he provides the fatal blow to his honorary son, Ikemefuna . We are also presented with the service of Okonkwo’s three wives. Each of them is supposed to provide him with food for the day, and children to help him farm, and take over his farm, when he becomes too old to do manual l... Free Essays on Things Fall Apart The Effects that Masculinity Plays in Things Fall Apart The novel, Things Fall Apart, takes place in the late 1800’s. It is set in a small tribal community called Umuofia, which is located in southeastern Nigeria. During this time, there was a major thrust from the British to expand their power economically, politically, and culturally. The Umuofia tribe has the reputation of being a wealthy and powerful tribe. A young leader of this tribe, Okonkwo, has to overcome the failures of his father’s past ventures to feel like a worthy member. His father, Unoka, had been known for his lack of responsibility and laziness, which is a serious claim to a tribe with such a solid reputation. Unoka dies a shameful death and leaves his family nothing but his debts. Okonkwo strives to overcome this shame by being a fierce warrior and a successful farmer. His attempts to right the wrongs of his father affect his entire tribe and ultimately contribute to his early death. Okonkwo is introduced to the reader as a grown man who is already well established in his community. Unlike his father, he owns two barns filled with yams. He also has three wives and many children. Although he loves his family, he is unable to express this emotion, because he feels that this would be a sign of weakness. He treats the members of his family with a â€Å"heavy hand† and was known to have beaten his wives. â€Å"Okonkwo ruled his household with a heavy hand. His wives, especially the youngest, lived in perpetual fear of his fiery temper, and so did his little children.† (p. 13) Gemma 2 A major revelation of Okonkwo’s masculinity is demonstrated in Chapter 2 when the Mbaino people murder a female member of Umuofia tribe. The Mbaino tribe was faced with a dilemma of choosing between war or paying restitution. Payment could be made by offering a young Mbaino boy, who is approximately 15 years old, and also by offering a virgin to the man... Free Essays on Things Fall Apart Okonkwo: Achebe’s Fallen Hero In Chinua Achebe’s most celebrated novel Thing’s Fall Apart, the central character has become the study of numerous literary critiques. Okonkwo, Achebe’s fallen protagonist, is often compared to the great tragic heroes of ancient Greek literature. His journey consists of both the rise and fall to greatness. Achebe centers his modern tragedy on a character that has been dubbed a hero. However, Okonkwo’s failure at the end of the novel leads readers to wonder why the author would allow the hero to fail. The last depiction of the strong protagonist illustrates a weak man coming short of being defined heroic. For many analysts, Okonkwo’s suicide may be the greatest tragedy in Achebe’s acclaimed novel (Nnoromele 1). So, this leads to the question: what causes Okonkwo’s downfall and eventual failure? Is Okonkwo’s suicide a heroic failure or simply a commentary on his culture’s expectations of a hero? The m ost important literary aspects to analyze throughout Things Fall Apart when contemplating Okonkwo’s failure or heroism are the innate character strengths and weaknesses of the protagonist, the transformation of the Umuofia way of life, and the Umuofia definition of a hero. In the end, Okonkwo must be viewed as a fallen hero and not as a failure. The necessary elements to research Okonkwo’s heroic nature should be his deep-rooted character strengths and weaknesses and the events that led to his eventual downfall. It must be noticed that one of Okonkwo’s greatest strengths, his aggressive nature, happens to be one of his greatest weaknesses as well. The sometimes violent personality of Okonkwo stems from his paternal heritage. Literary analyst Emeka Nwabueze finds that the protagonist’s foremost challenge in life is to defy everything his father had become in life (3). This revolt against his father leads Okonkwo to seek greatness and p... Free Essays on Things Fall Apart I will not be able to truly define the importance of â€Å"Things Fall Apart† in the African culture and especially the Ibo culture. Reading after reading, you get to embrace more the real context of the book. Chinua Achebe had accomplished a brilliant portrait of the traditional Africa. It is also true that without a preliminary introduction to the principles of the tradition one would be lost. That is where â€Å"Muntu†, from Janheinz Jahn, particularly helps. It introduces the cultural elements of a traditional tribe such as: Nommo, Magara, ancestral presences and Muntu. In â€Å"Things Fall Apart†, these terms are present; probably not explicitly but through the rituals, sacrifices and characters, those terms live. In the following pages, I am going to try to share with you what I discovered and how I interpreted the principles of â€Å"Muntu† in â€Å"Things Fall Apart†. I am going to browse some important situations; I think will illustrate th ose principles and put my thought on the matter. In the first few pages, we are exposed to the relation between Okonkwo and its father, Unoka. As different they appear to be, there lives crossed the same path; dying without burial. Unoka is a peaceful man, and likes to play music and instruments. Also he is a great talker, somewhat always getting what he is seeking. But as well, he is as lazy and debtful as a man can be. On the other hand, his son, Okonkwo, is a real strong man. His life is driven by fear and anger. Fear, because he is working hard not to become like his father; anger, because all he inherited from his father is debts; no barns, no yam-seeds and on top he had, from an early age, to work to feed his family and his mother who implies as well his father: a woman could not eat if her husband was starving. It probably would explain why Okonkwo did not grow as mentally as he grew physically. I mean that despite the living of Unoka, he had a very strong Nommo (power of the word). He a... Free Essays on Things Fall Apart Okonkwo plays a major role in the novel and is projected as a heroic figure and a wrestler who is constantly at war with others, with his ‘chi’, his legacy of his father whom he despises, his own character and finally, with the white man. Okonkwo’s world consists of the nine villages from Umuofia to Mbaino and areas outside of these boundaries have little significance to him, belonging simply to that vague realm â€Å"beyond.† He gives a lot of importance to personal achievements as he believes that these achievements bring honor to the village which in turn emphasizes the close tie between the individual and society. Yet Okonkwo has his weakness and it is these weaknesses that ultimately destroy the life he has created for himself. His self-determination is not only controlled by interneral but external forces as well. His impulsive and rash nature makes him break the rules of the sacred week of peace. It is his carelessness that results in his banishment from his village for seven years, and finally, it is again his fiery and rash temper which pushes him to kill a white man and consequently pushes him to take his own life. Okonkwo is a man who has grown up in a community, that, because of its passionate desire for survival, places its faith in the individual quality of ‘manliness.’ And it is an irony of fate that makes him start off with a disadvantage, on this score - the failure of his own father. It is the need for him to live down the shame of his father that compels him to an excessive adherence of the social code. This transforms every positive value that he has to into a weakness. Also, he pursues achievement with an obsessive single-mindedness that eventually degenerates into egocentricity. He thus, virtually flounders through his life, with the minor problems, which instead of strengthening him, carry him to a point of dissolution. The novel reflects this degeneration with respect to the traditional African way o... Free Essays on Things Fall Apart Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe Things Fall Apart, by Chinua Achebe, is an historical narrative. It’s written with the historical knowledge of Britain colonizing Nigeria. Yet, it is from a view point which we are not used to reading from. Things Fall Apart is from the eyes of the colonized. The perspective is from Okonkwo, a respected elder, who can’t resist the invasion of western culture in his village. Africa was seen as an uneducated continent and very little was known by the Westerners about its land or people. Their culture was based on religion and nature. They worshipped many different gods and goddesses who represented every aspect of the nature, living and non living. According to the tribes, everything was living and should be respected. I’ve learned that the people in Africa lived in harmony with Nature. This is shown by the many references to nature in the novel. Some examples include: Okonkwo’s fame had grown like a bush fire in the harmattan, he drank palm win from morning till night and his eyes were red and fierce like the eyes of a rat when it was caught by the tail and dashed against the floor, he felt like a drunken giant walking with the limbs of a mosquito, and the earth burned like hot coals. I believe all these sayings indicate how important and alive nature is to the tribe. Yam appeared to be used to describe manliness, "yam stood for manliness and he could feed his family on yams from one harvest to another was a very great man indeed." Only the men were allowed to grow yams, not the women. It was considered the king of crops, the man crop. Another example is the kola which symbolizes prosperity, "He who brings kola brings life." The tribes had a very spiritual side. Their priests could heal people, either physically or they could use their psychic powers. For example, Ezinma was believed to be out of danger when the medicine man found her iyi-uwa. They also believed in peo... Free Essays on Things Fall Apart Okonkwo’s Demise In Things fall apart by Chinua Achebe, Achebe immediately establishes his viewpoint from inside Umuofia. The first half of the book establishes the culture and religion of Umuofia. In the beginning of the book Okonkwo is introduced immediately as a fierce and strong, masculine warrior. All of the sudden Okonkwo accidentally kills a fellow brother of the village. He gets banished and he goes to live in his mother’s village for seven years. During his time of exile, he hears stories about white men killing the people in the village of Abame. At the same time, Okonkwo’s village, missionaries set up a church. This marked the beginning of the end for all of the villages in Umuofia. The village life was centered around: being prosperous, obeying the gods, and a sense of brotherly unity within the village. The missionaries inadvertently destroyed the unity of Okonkwo’s village. When one of the new Christians desecrated one of the egwuwu, the egwuwu decided to des troy the church. This caused the district commissioner to call the leaders of the village to his court. The leaders of Okonkwo’s village did not know what was going on. They were arrested and beaten. A few days after Okonkwo was released from jail, he killed a kotma. The next day, before the District Commissioner could take Okonkwo, he hanged himself. Okonkwo did this because he was stubborn and proud, he knew that his tribe would not fight, and he was afraid. It was in his best interest to compromise, but Ononkwo was incapable of compromising. The people of Umuofina defined men as strong providers, warriors, leaders, prosperous, hard working, proud, and they follow the gods. Okonkwo strictly followed this definition of what a man ought to be. He did not compromise in his principles and was afraid of looking weak like his father. Unoka, Okonkwo’s father, was a man that was lazy and played his flute all day. He owed money to everyone he ... Free Essays on Things Fall Apart Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is a brilliant novel when discussing traditional African culture. It provides an anthropological method of explaining a heroic tale of an African man. This novel deals with a societal transformation that shattered a civilization. This piece of literature identifies the roles within a society in Africa before European colonialism took place and it also deals with the aftermath that tainted the African way of life. â€Å"Things Fall Apart†, demonstrates people’s positions in an enclosed structural system as well as looking at class in a worldview. This book does a fine job in explaining the global view during this particular time period as well as it focuses on the thoughts of one individual native man. A Southeastern Nigerian village is where the novel takes place. Achebe explains the values of the African tribe called the Igbos from this region. Europeans play an important role in the novel. European people can be seen as very different from the Igbos in a sense when relating their values and beliefs. In another light the beliefs can be seen as fairly similar. The social moral order of these two societies can be connected as much as they can be opposed. In understanding the social order of these two groups first one must understand the story. Achebe’s main character’s name is Okonkwo. He was a strong warrior that was known for his violent temper and his high status within his community. He was respected for his combating and diplomatic capabilities, making him an exalted man in his clan. He had three wives and eight children. Overall he was an exceptionally successful man compared to his father who had died in debt. The story is constructed on the lives of the Igbo people and the social mobility of Okonowo’s village Umuofia. The story is illustrated in matter that the reader can understand the daily tasks of the people and their roles. These tasks are shown through Okonowoï ¿ ½... Free Essays on Things Fall Apart In his novel â€Å"Things Fall Apart,† Chinua Achebe gives his readers an exclusive insight to the unique characteristics of the African people before and after the white mans intrusion of their culture. One of the most dynamic characters in the story was a man by the name of Okonkwo. He is described as being â€Å"well known throughout the nine villages and beyond. His fame rested on solid personal achievement† (3). This suggest that power, fame, and respect relied on the ability of a man to prove his strength in their society. Something that could possibly take a lifetime to acquire. Okonkwo was a man who was determined not to become the man his father was. His father was described as â€Å"lazy and improvident and quit incapable of thinking about tomorrow† (4). Nothing about his father was portrayed in Okonkwo. To him the definition of a â€Å"good man† was something totally opposite of his father. Fear, the fuel most often used by Okonkwo was perhaps his strongest flaw. Yet, it made him a strong and respected figure among his people. â€Å"It was the fear of himself, lest he should be found to resemble his father† (13). His desire to prosper regardless of his past with a father of whom he had no respect made him a strong and respected man. â€Å"Okonkwo was ruled by one passion-to hate everything that his father Unoka loved. One of those things was gentleness and another was idleness† (13). Okonkwo’s character presumed the role of a protagonist and yet he often portrayed the role of an antagonist as well. His strength and hard work paid off. He was very prosperous in his culture by providing a large home and plenty of food for himself and his family. He was respected by men whom he respected as well. This meant everything to Okonkwo. He could never let this image be lost for he longed to be amongst the highest of the tribe. In other words, he would do anything His loyalty to his b...

Hullo! What a useful invention - Emphasis

Hullo! What a useful invention Hullo! What a useful invention When you consider the concept of inventions, anything from the wheel to the iPod might spring to mind. Youre probably less likely to think of a word; particularly not one you may take so completely for granted as the word of greeting, hello. Yet it is believed to be just that the invention of Thomas Edison. He is credited with advocating hello as the best way of answering the telephone, from where it gradually moved into the general use it has today. It may be more accurate to say, he adapted and perfected a pre-existing invention (much as he did with the electric light bulb). Before Edisons influence, you might have exclaimed hullo! in surprise, hailed a ferryman with a resounding hollo, or even led a hunting party to their quarry by crying halloo (if you were in the habit of doing these things). Of course, words frequently enter the language through utter invention. Shakespeare coined an incredible 2000 or so new words, including jaded, bedroom and obscene; plus numerous phrases we now take for granted, such as vanish into thin air, flesh and blood and to be cruel to be kind. Edisons choice of answering utterance was based on its clarity and for that sentiment we naturally approve. And thats not the only call for us to owe him a debt of gratitude. Had it been left to Alexander Graham Bell, our typical salutation could well be ahoy.

Recycling Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Recycling - Research Paper Example An all inclusive definition of the term recycling is that recycling essentially refers to a closed-loop stem designed with the sole purpose of attempting to try and optimize the utilization of various resources while greatly minimizing the production of waste for the benefit of humankind. This definition of recycling casts it as being a systematic alternative to the usual syndrome of Produce-Consume-Dispose that is seen to greatly govern the flow of various materials in the modern day society. Aquino (1995 p.1-10) equates the practice of recycling whereby materials are processed for reuse to the Middle Ages practice where alchemists used to try and turn various base metals into gold. Recycling is not a new concept and evidence of its practice can be traced back to the Romans who by pulling down stones form their Coliseum so as to reuse these stones in the paving of roads, are seen to be pioneers in the field of construction and demolition recycling. Throughout history, black smiths have constantly been engaged in recycling as they have always smelted down broken items such as hoes and swords an reforged new ones from the molten metal. Industrialization is seen to have greatly spurred the demand for cheaper goods and scrap metals were used in the production of numerous products as they were generally cheaper as compared to products produced from virgin ore. Traditional industries such as the American steel industry and the rail road bought large quantities of scrap metal t o be used in the creation of steel products and the building the railway respectively. Recycling efforts in the country were seen to increase during the World War II as due to widespread material shortages and crippling financial constraints nearly all recyclable items were collected for recycling and subsequent use in the war effort. In the twenty first century, the only

Benefits of Partnerships with Nonprofits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Benefits of Partnerships with Nonprofits - Essay Example Public Administration in partnership with these entities can only assure a gain on both sides. Having both at the board table can only improve and extend the services presently being rendered to the public (Carroll, 1989). Collaboration is one of the things that have been missing over the last 30 years in the development of Public Administration and that collaboration can build strong interrelated teams for a better public trust. The world of the non-profit has continued to expand over the last 30 years. Public Administrations expected responsibilities have also expanded. Traditionally the two groups have worked alone, even being in competition with each other at times. This causes a lack of collaboration and less than adequate use of funds on both sides. Funds, under today's circumstances, are not increasing and neither is the public's trust of how funds are being used (Butz, 2009). The building of partnerships between Public Administration and the non-profits may be the answer to how we manage better use of funds available for the better of the public. We will discuss how non-profit and Public Administration is presently working and what a partnership may accomplish. Nonprofits today are very inter-related with communities and it is sometimes difficult to understand what their impact on the community truly is. They support local economies through employment as well as collection of needed funding. There is usually a great deal of public trust and funds throughout the community are collected through various methods to permit these to function. Grants frequently support large numbers of them and with each of these grants comes accountability that is often difficult to achieve. On the same note Public Administration has a great deal of engagement in the public good and how and what areas are funded in a community. Community housing becomes an extreme need for both sides and therefore is an important consideration for the possibility of a partnership. At this time, the community at large may see both Public Administration and the not-profit housing industry as repetitive (Jennings, 2005) as well as somewhat competitive. There are many concerns that there is a great deal of redundancy as these agencies depend on volunteered funds, government funding and foundation funding alike. Would it be more efficient for Public Administration to be involved in a partnership here to decrease gaps in services as well as gaps in skills necessary to provide these services (Jennings, 2005) Recently because of the thought that redundancy is happening, there has been a decrease in overall confidence in nonprofit organizations in some states that are handling the housing piece. This might be remedied by having some administrative duties being provided by public administration. This might also help to close the gap of government funding in the social sector, increasing the funding that both have available to do their work. Public Administration can help the public with experience in building the capacity of the local

Culture and Beliefs Essay Example for Free

Culture and Beliefs Essay Different cultures and beliefs can have an effect on implementing anti-discriminatory practice. One example of this preventing anti-discriminatory practice is though in a culture saying please and thank you to things, where in another culture this may not be normal and so if someone doesnt say thank you or please to something this may be seen as rude, and could make the person treat the other person differently. Another way culture and beliefs can affect implementing anti-discriminatory practice is that people may understand a persons situation, or not understanding why someone behaves in that way and then the professionals own views or stereotypes will take control over the way the person treats the individual and then this wont promote anti-discriminatory practice. This may differ depending on where the health care setting is for example if it is in more of a multi-cultural area, beliefs and views may be different. Not understanding the importance If care providers don’t understand the importance of promoting anti-discriminatory practice, they are more likely to not work in an anti discriminatory practice. Care providers should be aware of the active promotion of anti discriminatory practice in order for the service users of health and social care to get the best of the services. If care providers fail to work in an anti discriminatory practice, service users will be not treated fairly and their choices wouldn’t be respected or taken into account, so therefore it is very important for health and social care professionals to work in an anti discriminatory practice. If the care settings fail to promote an anti discriminatory practice, service users will be marginalised and disempowered and this can lead to stress and depression and can trigger challenging behaviour. The way in which anti-discriminatory ractice is promoted may be different in different health and social care setting such as a school will focus more on children where as an residential care home may focus more on elderly or disability. Following the ‘norm’ Both care providers and service users are used to doing what is the ‘norm’ for them. This can cause problems when promoting anti-discriminatory practice because if for example a care provider is used to carrying out certain behaviour then they may ignore new anti-discriminatory practice that has been introduced because it is something they are not used to doing. This can cause loads of problems because it means service users may be neglected and discriminated against because new practice is not being followed. This could also sometimes be down to the age of the care provider. If someone has been working in a care setting for a long time they may be used to caring in a certain way which means that they will not adapt appropriately to new practice where as someone who is new will be fully aware of the new procedures in place so may be more likely to follow them.

Paidea and Identity Essay -- Philosophy Hobbes Papers

Thomas Hobbes, like Francis Bacon before him, disliked Aristotle and scholasticism. They were both quite familiar with the objects of their dislike, having encountered Aristotle and scholasticism first hand at Oxford University. Bacon later described his tutors as "men of sharp wits, shut up in their cells of a few authors, chiefly Aristotle, their Dictator." Bacon clearly saw the extent of new possibilities in thought. He held that Europeans of his time needed to sail beyond the Pillars of Hercules (the limits of ancient learning) into an ocean of new learning. Hobbes, for similar reasons described the universities as places for the production of insignificant speech. Locke also echoed this rejection of scholasticism and contempt for the universities. The purpose of this paper is to talk about this rejection and the ways in which the continuing revolt against university education by Hobbes and Locke has contributed to a new view of the self. Hobbes rejects the teleology of Aristotelian science. His view of man is shaped by Galileo's new insights about motion. His translation of the revolutionary doctrines of physics into claims about man and politics is a most remarkable piece of creative thinking. Life is not aimed at the attainment of the mature state of the species as Aristotle claimed. Man, like other physical objects, keeps moving until something (death, in the case of man) stops him. Yet the reaction to Aristotle and scholasticism was not a matter of simply rejecting the philosophy of Aristotle wholesale. The relation which philosophers had to Aristotelian ideas is much more complex. Philosophers quite typically would reject one piece of Aristotelianism but keep another. Part of the reason for this is that it is not easy... ...ump of matter to another, when the matter changes, so necessarily do the accidents which depend on it. Thus the ship of Theseus case Hobbes claims fits this model of individuation and not the first two. (10) Thus, Hobbes also can give an account of the trinity in terms of these definitions, and it is worth noting that most of the occurences of the term 'person' in the Leviathan are in the context of a discussion of the trinity. But, presumably Hobbes still regards God as a material body, and the three persons of the trinity as different representations in speech and action of that body. (11) John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, ed. Peter Nidditch, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1972. (II. xxvii. 6. 2-9) Pg. 332 (12) Ibid. (13) Ibid. (18-20) Pg. 332 (14) Ibid. (II. xxvii. 7. 23-24) Pg. 332 (15) Locke, op. cit. (II. xxvii. 9 21-28) Pg. 335

Life Changing Desicion Narrative Essay

Sometimes it is difficult to imagine my life decision making such a great impact with in my life while seeming so small. Any decision made in life will co-exist with some type of consequence; in which can be wonderful, terrible, or in between. Even if a decision seems minor, it may create a remarkable impact in any life. As for me, my decision was nearly clear since I was young. Art was always a passion and hobby of mine in which I have always wanted to pursue it as a livelihood. With the decision I have made, I will be able to create an occupation of art by attending Edinboro University! As a child, I have always contemplated the career I would have as an adult. The interesting careers of my thoughts as a child have dramatically changed and would completely disagree with my personality and passion today. I have debated the future career I would chase for the longest time. Finally, I made the decision to become an art teacher last year. After making that decision, I was able to decide the perfect school for the livelihood I am chasing. After applying to two schools and getting accepted to both, I believe I had to make the biggest life altering decision. Each school had great benefits but the reason for choosing Edinboro was the amazing art department and teachers. It was the most suited school for the life I was pursuing. This was probably the most stressful time of my life as well. It would be pretty difficult to turn back from this decision now. It was also a bothersome concept for me to think if I would be college material. The media and even some student make college seem like it is the most difficult time in your life. They even made it seem like each teacher you have will pile 5 hours of homework on you every day. Most make classes seem like 3 hour long lectures and classes with a teacher that will not teach you anything. In reality, the teachers are only there to help you succeed and will do what they can to help you reach your goal. Only certain classes contain plenty of home work while other classes give little to none  and classes are not long, everyday, nor are they as large as others make it seem (that is unless you go to a larger college). One thought that has always been put to the test to me and always went through my mind was if my skill was good enough for a college level. Usually I would put many of my skills down and think it could be better. Perhaps that is a good thought because it will motivate me to become better but as an artist, I need to become confident in the things I create. Throughout the semester my skills will definitely improve somewhat rapidly. When people see my creations, they are usually amazed when really; I don’t think it is good. That feeling will always be there; but I will be able to hide it more and have a little more confidence in my work. Everyone always has the concern of going somewhere brand new without knowing a single person beforehand, especially if you will be living there with no family. I was very nervous and anxious as to if people would like me and if I would make friends here. Fortunately, on the second day, I met some people that were similar to me. We have been friends since and the campus is so large, I always see new faces and make friends with new people all the time! After graduating college, I will become happy with my career and my dream of a happy life will come true. College is not as complicated as it may seem to be. It has ups and downs but I’ve made so many friends and I am learning so much. Also, I cannot wait to see how much my artistic skills improve this year. There is still a long way to go, but I believe I have made the best and biggest decision coming to Edinboro.

Factors Affecting the Academic Achievement of Freshmen College Students Essay

Achievement of students in schools has been the concern of school authorities. Several solutions have been offered in order to improve the quality of instruction. Some of these prove to be effective for some time, but later new innovations are introduced thus sometimes affect the teaching-learning situations in the classrooms. Science subjects are important because this field have greatly benefited mankind in its efforts to improve the quality of life. In view of this, college education plays a vital role in molding the minds, interest, awareness and concern of an individual to prepare himself for the future. Recognizing that science makes life easier and meaningful, educational institutions, through the mandate of the government, focus its attention on the advance of science and technology in terms of classroom instruction at all levels. Science curriculum must be taught in terms of how it can develop scientifically literate society and how it can make an individual more responsive to the needs of the times. Based on observations, science instruction nowadays placed more emphasis on the mastery of the subject matter. When students did well in written examinations, teachers believe that the aim of the lesson has been achieved, but evaluation should not only be based on written tests but should also include oral and practical examinations to make sure that learning really has taken place. Since researchers are future science teachers, there is a desire to determine what are the factors that affect student’s achievement are. The researchers want to conduct a thorough investigation to come up with a possible solution to the problem regarding the science achievement of freshmen students. In view of this line of thinking, the present study is motivated to look into the factors affecting the achievement of freshmen college students in science which might affect the student achievement whether it would be for good or not. Background of the Study The researchers will conduct this study because according to an international science study by Garrison (2004) Filipino students performed poorly in understanding science concepts and principle. These findings were supported by other study conducted by (Askali, 1994) (Acuna and Dasilva, 1993) stating that college freshmen students are weak in science. All over the fast changing world, people learned to rely on science for their own survival and advancement. Man just willingly admits that without such â€Å"instrument† as propellers for progress, this effort to succeed and achieve would be limited and be made useless. The concept that the more knowledge a man has in science, the greater is his opportunity for change for advancement. It emphasizes that science is essential for national development progress. School curricula are supposed to develop the capabilities of students but according to statistics, approximately fewer than 10% high school graduates have the skills necessary to perform satisfactory in college level in science courses. Attempting to combat trend, nowadays, many science educators are turning to more ‘hands-on’ approach to their teaching. Instead of having their students memorize lengthy formulas they have them to do experiments; starting in the early grades this has been going on for years wherein teachers act as facilitators only. Many students believe that science subjects in the freshmen level are difficult. In fact some do not like the subject. This may be attributed to some factors that underlie student’s attitude toward the subject. The educational qualification of the teacher may also serve as a factor that hinders student’s attitude in their science subject. Students find it more interesting to play truancy than to attend classes especially if the method, strategies or approaches of teachers do not suit the mental ability of the students. Theoretical framework This study is primarily anchored on the cognitive theory by Jean Piaget, specifically †the formal operational period,† in this period the development of the learner’s mind follows concrete stages. Based on the formal operational method of Piaget, this rage of age is the beginning of logical and abstract thinking. According to him, youngsters demonstrate ability to reason realistically and consider possibilities. The learner’s thinking at this stage is propositional. They use statement that contains data. The major theme of Vygotsky’s theoretical framework is that social interaction plays a fundamental role in the development of cognition. Vygotsky (1978) states: â€Å"Every function in the child’s cultural development appears twice: first, on the social level, and later, on the individual level; first, between people (interpsychological) and then inside the child (intrapsychological). This applies equally to voluntary attention, to logical memory, and to the formation of concepts. All the higher functions originate as actual relationships between individuals. Benjamin Samuel Bloom’s Theory is founded on individual differences of the students. He justifies that some behavior or factors affect student’s learning process. In this study, the influence of students variables such as educational qualification of parents, availability of learning materials, attitudes towards science, peer motivation and learning styles are hypothesized that influence the academic performance of freshmen college students in science at Universidad de Manila.

Acid Rain Research Paper

Acid Rain Research Paper Rain is one of the most essential ingredients for human and animal life. The water provided by rain allows all life on Earth to survive. Although rain is naturally acidic, it is being increasingly acidified by pollution from homes, factories, power stations and cars. The term used to describe this problem is â€Å"acid rain†. Acid rain hasn’t just occurred in the last twenty to thirty years. In fact a chemist named Robert Smith found rainfall in Manchester, U.K., to be very acidic. He suggested a link between acid rain and SO2 given off when coal was burnt by local factories. This was over 100 years ago. Acid rain is caused when pollutants from cars, homes, factories and power stations mix with atmospheric moisture. These pollutants may be carried in clouds for long distances before falling, which means that forests and lakes far away from factories may be damaged by acid rain. Two of the major ingredients of acid rain are the chemicals sulphur dioxide [SO2] and nitrogen oxides [NOx]. When large quantities of these two particular chemicals come in contact with the atmosphere, they team up with moisture [H2O] to produce strong acids called sulphuric and nitric acid. These two acids which are formed in the atmosphere, are very strong pollutants. Some air pollution as a matter of fact comes from natural sources, but most is human made. The burning of oil and coal by plants and factories, homes and cars, is the main source of chemicals that cause acid rain. Power stations and factories emit large amounts of sulphur dioxide and also nitrogen oxides, whilst car exhausts contain large amounts of nitrogen oxides. When volcanoes erupt, they emit various gases which have been trapped under the ground, including sulphur dioxide. This can cause air pollution, which can then be made much worse by the addition of human-made emissions. The air in many towns and cities is overfull of harmful pollutants. In the northern hemisphere sulphur emissions are decreasing steadily, due to pollution controls in industry. NOx emissions, however, are not yet in such steady decline. The acid from rain takes important minerals from the leaves of trees and from the soil. Acid rain also releases toxic metals from the soil which damage the roots of the trees. The trees are weakened, cannot grow properly and are attacked by viruses, fungi and pests. Eventually the trees may die. Direct damage to trees occurs when SO2 blocks the pores on the leaves, through which the trees takes in the air they need to live. Forest floods that are affected by acid rain have high concentrations of metals like aluminium and lead. When animals drink from acidic lakes and dew that have been affected, the metals they take in may gradually poison them. There is an obvious link between acid rain and damage to human health. People can be harmed by breathing in the chemicals from dry deposition, causing chest illness. Also when acid rain causes the release of metals and chemicals into drinking water, it can damage people’s health. When air pollution is breathed in as people walk along the street, it gets into their lungs. Once in the lungs, it acts like a poison, causing the airways in the respiratory system to become narrower. This lets in less oxygen and breathing becomes difficult. If SO2 is breathed in, it can pass deep into the alveoli, which is where oxygen is passed into the blood. The moisture in the lungs can turn the sulphur dioxide into sulphuric acid, and cause damage to the body. In some polluted cities, such as those in California, smog stations have been set up to monitor the output of polluting exhaust gases. To reduce acid rain industry’s have to cut down the amount of SO2 being produced when fossil fuels are burnt. Therefore, they can: use coal which contains little sulphur, remove the sulphur which is in the coal, use another type of fuel, or burn the coal in such a way that the sulphur is destroyed. There are many other ways of combating this problem, however, the best way to solve this issue is to prevent emissions of pollutants in the first place. Reducing the amount of NOx emissions caused by car exhaust is an effective solution. Public transport systems need to be improved so that people can travel without having to use their cars. If more people used public transport, it would cut the number of private vehicles on the roads, and would reduce pollution dramatically. Everybody needs to work together to reduce pollutants to make the world a safer and healthier place to live.

Rock Tumbler Basics and Buying Guide

Rock Tumbler Basics and Buying Guide Basically, there are two ways you can go about buying a rock tumbler. You can pick up the standard educational-toy model online or at most toy stores or you can get a hobbyist/professional model. Whats the difference? The Standard Model Most toy stores carry various takes on the same model of ​a  rock tumbler. This is a rotating tumbler that comes with rocks, grit, and some jewelry findings. This model is fun and can last indefinitely with proper care. Be advised that your choice of rock size is limited by the small rotor power and that it may be difficult to get replacement parts (e.g., broken belt from overweighted tumbler). Rotating Tumblers The toy stores carry a type of rotating tumbler, where the rocks fall over and over and over, polishing rocks in much the same manner as the ocean has for millions of years. I recommend buying a tumbler from a company that has been around a while, with an established record of quality and service. Eventually, you will need a replacement part; you want the company to still be there when that happens. Lortone offers several sizes of tumblers, some with double barrels.   Vibrational Tumblers Vibrational or agitating tumblers dont actually tumble the rock, but use either ultrasound or spin around the vertical axis. They cost a bit more, but have two characteristics that make them more desirable for certain users: they polish rocks much more quickly and they retain the essential shape of the rocks rather than producing only rounded rocks. They are a bit quieter, too. Raytech is an established manufacturer of vibrational tumblers (and other lapidary equipment). Size Does Matter ...and for most people price does too, so balance the needs of your inner rock hound against the limitations of your bank account. Tumblers are sized according to the weight of the load they can continuously bear. The most common cause of rotor failure and belt breakage is improper or over-loading of the barrel. Smaller barrels hold smaller rocks (no big surprise), so larger barrels can hold both bigger rocks and more small rocks. Double barrels can be used to polish lots of rocks or to ensure a really good polish (if you reserve one barrel for that purpose). Helpful Preparation Tips Okay, so youve selected your tumbler! First, keep the time it takes to tumble in your mind (about a month for a rotating tumbler/ week or two for vibrating or agitating types). Get vaseline to seal the barrel against leaks! Buy extra grit (unless you want to keep that as an excuse to go out and buy more stuff). If noise is a concern, consider getting a cooler or other sound insulator to house the tumbler.

Quantitative Research in Clinical Practice Essay

Quantitative Research in Clinical Practice - Essay Example Quantitative utilizes statistical analysis to accurately determine the outcome of a given phenomenon. Matveev (2002) argues that quantitative research is data driven, thus can be verified via observation as well as experiments. The incorporation of quantitative research in clinical practice enables research aspects that may not be suitable for qualitative research and provide more accurate and verifiable results. Quantitative research utilizes structured questionnaire, which can be used, for example, to vigorously assess patients satisfaction with services provided.The author states that in conducting a cause-effect relationship, which is predictive in nature, quantitative research provides the best tool for accurate prediction. In clinical practice, cause-effect relationships are common, thus the incorporation of quantitative research remains a critical tool for effective decision making. Using people with spinal cord injuries, Chen, Lai & Wu (2013) seek to determine the factors tha t affect Moving-Forward behavior. This is a cause-effect relationship that requires the use of quantitative technique, which is known for reliable outcomes. Quantitative research in clinical practice would provide an evidence based research, which adds to the reliability of researcher works that are crucial for the practice. Quantitative research is usually more objective than qualitative researcher even though numerous researches utilize a combination of both research approaches to achieve the desired results.

Marketing In Harvard Style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing In Harvard Style - Essay Example Individuals are exposed to tens of thousands of advertisements in a single day.With all these numerous advertisements being bombarded at a single buyer,marketers craftily design their campaigns in consideration to the consumer's processing of these stimuli in order to make a purchase decision. In doing so, they keep in mind what is called consumer perception or "the process by which an individual selects, organizes, and interprets information inputs to create a meaningful picture of the world" (Kotler 2005). It is irrefutable that each individual processes stimuli differently because of personal differences. Thus, perception varies among individuals who perceive the same thing. This is due to three perceptual processes known as selective attention, selective distortion, and selective retention.Selective attention refers to the ability of the consumers to notice and to be attracted only be advertisements which appeal to them. With all massive amount of advertisement each day, customer s are only captivated by those which are relevant to them. It is found out that the advertisement which catches customers' attention are those stimuli which represents their current need, those which they anticipate, and those whose deviation are large in relation to the normal size of stimuli (Kotler and Armstrong 2001). For example, an ad which features beauty products which inhibits oil production will irrefutably attract one who is searching for one. Likely, if the ad is placed in a health and beauty specialist, the customers are expected to notice. And lastly, bigger discounts are more likely to be taken note of than smaller ones. The next process is called selective distortion which refers to "the tendency of customers to twist information into personal meanings" (Kotler 2005) and interpret them according to their needs. It should be noted that the different background of the consumers enables them to interpret advertisements in their individual ways which is influenced by their social class, employment, and others. Lastly, selective retention refers to the customers' remembering of their selected products' good points while forgetting that of the competitors' products advantages (Lynch 2003). As a marketer, advertisements are usually designed according to their intended market. Companies make advertisements which appeal to a specific target market by using celebrities, colors, and dramatic effects which will likely attract them. Offering huge discounts are also other ways of capturing their attention. However, in selective distortion, there is nothing much that a marketer can do in order to influence buyers. Selective retention is facilitated by repeating the messages that they intend the buyer to learn. The key in advertising still, is the marketers' understanding of customers which will perceive and experience them. Question 2. 1. A reference group "consists of all groups with a direct (face-to face) or indirect effect on all people's attitudes or behaviors" (Kotler 2005). 2. The four types of reference groups include primary groups, secondary groups, aspirational groups, and disassociative groups. Primary groups which are those which have a direct influence on the person because of his continuous and informal interaction with them including his family, friends, neighbors, and co-workers. On the other hand, more formal relations which require less continuous interaction like religious groups, trade associations, and professional are called secondary groups. Aspirational groups are those which the individuals aspires to have membership of while disassociative ones represents those which have values or beliefs that a customer finds unacceptable (Kotler and Armstrong 2005). 3. Customers associate themselves with reference groups because of their want to be acceptable to the people within the group, they

Case Note for RvR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Case Note for RvR - Essay Example t could constitute â€Å"unlawful sexual intercourse†, as defined under Section 1(1) of the Sexual Offences Act of 1956 (4) The wife’s marital consent to intercourse had not been revoked, either by a Court order or by an agreement between the parties. As a result, the question that arose in these circumstances was whether, despite her refusal to consent, the wife could have been held to have consented by the fact of the marriage. 4. The trial judge’s directions to the Jury stated that there appeared to be ample grounds to indicate that consent to sexual intercourse had been withdrawn by an agreement between the parties. Firstly, the parties were not cohabiting. Secondly, the husband’s act in phoning his wife and telling her he intended to see about a divorce constituted implicit consent. On this basis, the prosecution could prove a charge of rape or attempted rape against the husband. 5. The first fact is not material to the disputed issue of rape. The second fact, i.e, defendant had mentioned his intent to seek a divorce, is a relevant and material fact, because it revokes by implied mutual agreement, the consent to sexual intercourse that is imposed by marriage and spelt out under Hale’s common law rule. Hence, it establishes that the husband’s act constituted rape. It also establishes that he is not eligible for immunity under Hale’s rule. The third fact is also material and relevant, because it establishes the second ground of bodily assault. 6. The marital exemption itself refers to the common law rule wherein upon marriage, an assumption is made that the wife consents to sexual intercourse with her husband. This presumption may however be rebutted by evidence that the wife did not in fact, consent. To enforce this rebuttal, some exceptions have been established, when a wife can say no, such as when her health is in danger or when the man’s actions constitute assault. These and other exceptions have been spelt out by case precedent

Separating Mixtures Back Into Their Components | Experiment

Separating Mixtures Back Into Their Components | Experiment Abstract To separate these mixtures it was appropriate to understand the physical and chemical structures of all the substances situated within the mixture. After separating these mixtures based on their physical and chemical properties; it was then appropriate to compare their experimental masses compared to their actual masses. Once separating these mixtures and comparing their masses it was important to record any discrepancies which may have been observed throughout the experiment. Background Information The mixture was composed of the following substances; 5.5g sand 2.4g iron fillings 25ml methylated spirits 13g of NaCl 0.6 g of sodium sulfhate 13ml of hexane The aim of this experiment was to separate a mixture back into its original components based on the mixtures physical and chemical components. A mixture is when two or more substances are combined by forceful means, such as pouring substances into a container. The molecules of the combined substances then mix with the others to create the forms of solutions, suspensions and colloids. These mixtures can be classified as homogenous or heterogeneous solutions. A heterogeneous mixture contains unevenly distributed liquids, gases and particles. The sand, iron, and hexane are all immiscible substances when mixed in the mixture, therefore many unevenly distributed particles and liquids are present in the mixture, thus categorizing the mixture as a heterogeneous. Mixtures usually do not consist of chemical bonding between the substances, thus allowing the mixture to be separated using simple methods of filtration. As the mixture contains sand, iron, hexane and methylated spirits basic filtration can be applied based on each substances chemical and physical properties. However as NaCl and Na2S04 do undergo chemical reactions with the water present in the mixture; this creates a barrier for any type of filtration. It is therefore appropriate to analyze the chemical and physical properties of each NaCl and Na2SO4, and find an appropriate method to extract both miscible substances from the mixture. Therefore it is applicable to note that substances are separated based on their chemical and physical properties. Therefore analyzing the physical and chemical properties of each component situated in the mixture, appropriate separation techniques can be identified. The most obvious separable substance situated in the mixture is Hexane. Hexane is oil, used for many necessities of life, such as cooking. As seen in figure 1, hexane has the chemical formula C6 H14 and it only contains hydrogen and carbon atoms, thus putting the solvent into the category of an alkane (hydrocarbon). Hexanes chemical structure is dependent on its alkane properties; its hydrogens are exclusively linked by single bonds to carbon, this is also known as a covalent molecule. As the electrons are being shared this creates similar charges for the hydrogens and carbon atoms. As both atoms electrons have similar negative charges they repel each-other and create a non-polar substance. As non-polar substances are immiscible in water, hexane will not mix in water as its a non-polar molecule. Instead of mixing in water, hexane with a light density of 0.654g/ml will sit on top of the water as water has a heavier density of approximately .995g/ml. In contrast to hexane, water is a polar molecule. The two oxygens bound to the one hydrogen create a V shape with the hydrogen atoms. As seen in figure 2 it is noticeable that when hydrogen atoms bond with oxygen, the hydrogen releases one of their electrons to form a covalent bond. Due to hydrogens electrons being attracted to the positive electron oxygen, the two hydrogens become slightly positively charged, and the oxygen then becomes negatively charged. (www.ozh2o.com, 2003). The dissociation of the positive and negative charges produces a polar molecule. Due to the above mentioned physical and chemical properties of hexane and water, the most efficient way of separating hexane from the mixture, will be the use of decanting. And also using a separation funnel. Decanting is the process of carefully pouring a lower density liquid off the top of another, such as hexane and water. It is poured into another beaker and then separated again using the separation funnel. A separation funnel is used to slowly and carefully drop by drop separate the heavier in density substance (water). Another substance that is present in the mixture that is also miscible in water is sand. Sand also known as silicon dioxide has a chemical formulae of Si02 and has a tetrahedral chemical structure, as seen in figure 3. Figure 3 clearly shows the four oxygens surrounding the central atom Si which creates a triangular shaped structure; hence the reason silicon dioxide can be classified as a tetrahedral crystal. Out of all the silica crystallines, on average only two out of the four oxygens of the Si04 are shared with others, giving the formula Si02 (book reference). Due to sand sharing pairs of electrons between its atom it consists of having an extensive covalent chemical bond. Its extensive covalent chemical bonding creates a strong bonding with the elements oxygen and Si, thus meaning the chemical formula Si02 is a strong element. As sand has a hard quartz figure it is insoluble with water, therefore separating sand from the mixture filtration can be used as it separates the liquids from the hard solutions. Another solution that has a hard like figure and is insoluble to water that is in the mixture  is iron fillings. Iron fillings are composed of iron or Fe. Iron fillings are a type of ferromagnetic material which can be easily attracted to a magnet. The electrons orbiting the iron atom resemble a current, thus this results in a small magnetism to each individual electron; this can be amplified by the spinning of the electrons. This then means the tiny pieces of iron can transform to a tiny bar magnetic when a magnetic field is in area of them, thus irons opposite ends attract to the opposite ends of a magnet. For example the north end of iron would be attracted to the south end of the magnet. As iron is also a substance that is insoluble in water the method filtration will be most effective to separate the iron from the mixture. As iron is already classified as a ferromagnetic metal, this means its domain already consist of a high degree of magnetization. However as seen in figure 4, when coming into contact with a magnetic field, the domain become randomly orientated. Also when iron comes into contact with a more modest magnetic field the domain can become aligned in the direction of the force. As both sand and iron fillings are insoluble in water, they will sink to the bottom of the mixture not having a chemical reaction with any other substances. This sediment at the bottom of the mixture can be separated first using filtration as the sand and iron will be trapped in the funnel paper. However to separate the sand from the iron, using a magnet will be appropriate as irons domain will be attracted to the opposite end of the magnet, as seen earlier in figure 4. As seen in figure 5 filtration is the use of a funnel, funnel paper and a beaker. The beaker is used to catch the mixtures liquids and the funnel paper used to stop and absorb any fine sediment, in the case of the experiment iron and sand. Once the mixture is poured  through the funnel paper the sand and iron will be left on the funnel paper and the mixture will be separated from the iron and sand in the beaker. It will then be appropriate to use a magnet to separate the iron from the sand. However as the sand iron will be wet, leaving the mixed solution of sand and iron to dry will be appropriate. Magnetic separation consists of using a magnetic to attract the ferromagnetic metal iron. As seen in figure 6, once attracting the iron from the sand, the iron will be on the magnet and very hard to separate from the magnet. Thus using glad wrap over the magnet the glad-wrap will be easily removed from the magnet as it is nonmagnetic and the iron fillings would be easily poured onto a watch glass. Once extrapolating the obvious and simple substances from the mixture, it is then appropriate to separate the methylated spirits. Methylated spirits also known as ethanol is a alcohol which consists of a certain percent of methanol added to it to create a poisons drinking substance. Methylated spirits is a polar molecule, its hydrogens, carbons and oxygens all distribute positively and negatively charges, thus creating a polar molecule. As Methylated spirits is polar it is miscible in water. Therefore as it is miscible in water the group will find filtering and decanting not an option to separate the methylated spirits from the water. Thus the group will use fractional distillation. However it is appropriate to explain why methylated spirits have a lower boiling point that Figure 7  water and this is all about the chemical structure of methylated spirits and water (H20). Methylated spirits undergo a reaction to form a hydrogen bond. As hydrogen bonds form between Hydrogens and a highly electronegative atom namely, 0, F and N, methylated spirits fall into this category. Methylated spirits contain a hydrogen and a highly electronegative oxygen atom, thus the reaction of hydrogen bonding will occur, this is seen in figure 8. Despite water is polar and also miscible in methylated spirits (metho) it does not have the same chemical structure as does methylated spirits. Water has a smaller structure and can continuously form hydrogen bonds thus enhancing its molecular strength as metho does not continue forming hydrogen bonds. This is shown in figure 9. Both figure 8 and 9 show the difference between the hydrogen bonding of both metho and H20, it is evident that water consists of very strong intermolecular forces as it is continuously forming, however metho has less opportunity for hydrogen bonding, thus its formation in structure is weaker. Therefore it is evident that the metho will need less energy to deconstruct its chemical structure compared to water as it will need more energy to breakdown its strong hydrogen bonding. Therefore based on this information it will be efficient to use fractional distillation as methylated spirits will be evaporated and be collected as the dilute. Fractional distillation is the method of separating mixtures into their original individual components based on boiling the substance that is wanting to be found boiling point. Therefore a thermometer is used to signify the what the temperature of the mixture is boiling at and as soon as it hits the boiling point of the substance wanting to be extrapolated, the gas then rises into a condenser and the condenser then condenses the gas back into a liquid, slowly dripping the liquid back into its original form. As methylated spirits has a lower boiling point (70-80 degrees)than water (100 degrees) it will be appropriate to use the fractional distillation method to find the amount of methylated spirits in the mixture. Two substances that were left in the mixture were both sodium sulfate and sodium chloride. Both these salts are soluble in water due to their chemical structures. Sodium chloride is well known as a halite (rock salt), salt which is situated in the oceans and is more chemically known as an ionic compound. As seen in figure 11, its chemical structure is very strong as it consists of an ionic bonding. The lattice structure of the ionic bonding between the two compounds creates a very strong chemical structure. In return this defines why sodium has such a high boiling point of 1413 degrees as the chemical structure needs stacks of energy to break down the composition. Sodium sulfate with the formula Na2SO, has an extremely similer structure as sodium chloride. At its solid form sodium sulfate forms a white crystal also known as a salt. Its ionic structure very alike to sodium chloride defines the reason why it also has a high boiling point of (..). Both sodium sulfate and sodium chloride are soluble in water. As H20 water is a polar molecule, in other words consists of uneven distribution of charges, the negatively charged oxygen the end of the water is attracted to the positive sodium ion in the salt. As seen in figure 12 the reaction shows the oxygen extracts the lattice structure of in this case sodium chloride, however also sodium sulfate. Therefore putting more water molecules surrounding the salt, enabling it to de-solve. (Wiki answers.com, year unknown). NaCl(s) + H2O > Na+(aq) +Cl-(aq) + H2O Therefore no separation technique can be applied to either sodium sulfhate or sodium chloride as they are both salts and dissolve in water. As they both are miscible in water and impossible to decant, filtrate, evaporate or use fractional distillation. Creating one of the solutions to form a insoluble compound would be highly affected and would then be able to filtrate out. To separate the NaCl Na2SO4 from the mixture, it was evident to use a ionic compound that reacted with an opposite charge, such as +cation attracts -anion. Therefore Barium Chloride chemical formula BaCl has two separate ionic charges Ba2+ and Cl-. These two ions are attracted to their opposite charges when coming into contact with them. This can be seen in the formula below. When adding BaCl to the mixture the following reaction will occur. BaCl2 + Na2SO4 BaSo4 + 2Na+ CL- The formula above represents the reaction of Barium and sulfate creating a solid, whereas the Na and Cl are left by themselves as spectators as they do not undergo a reaction. This then creates a insoluble solution which can be filtrated out using the basic filtration method, as mentioned before regarding sand and iron. Therefore analyzing the chemical and physical components of each substance that is present in the mixture, it was evident to what separation would be applicable to each substance; this can be seen in the flow chart below. It was then hypothesized that based on these physical and chemical properties, each substance would be extrapolated giving a 5% error range for any mistakes made throughout the experiment. Flow chart This flow chart represents what method for each substance was used to separate it from the mixture. Apparatus Evaporating disk Separation funnel Filtration funnel Filter paper Boss clamp and Retort stand Measuring cylinder 5 Beakers 0.6g of Sodium Sulphate (Na2SO4) Atomic weight scales 13ml of Vegetable Oil Spatula Barium Chloride (BaCl2) 1.3g of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Glad Wrap Electronic heating mantle 5 distillation-tube clips Round bottom flask Condensing tube Thermometer Stand Glass Rod Distillation tube 5.5g of Sand (SiO2) 2.4g of Iron fillings (Fe) Water (H2O) 25ml of Methylated Spirits Magnet Method The mixture was poured into a beaker using a stirring rod for more accuracy, separating the hexane from the mixture. The hexane was then put into a separation funnel with the mixture beaker under the tap, to retrieve any droplets of water that were still in the hexane. Thus the hexane was completely separated from the mixture. Filtration equipment was set up appropriately ready for use. Sand iron was poured through the filter paper (*2) Beaker retrieved all the liquid, thus separating the iron and sand. Sand iron put on watch glass and left over night to dry; enabling separation. Magnet covered in glad-wrap appropriately separated iron from sand. Both Sand iron were put on separate watch glasses. Fractional distillation equipment set up appropriately. Heat box turned on to boil the methylated spirits. Thermometer used to signify the boiling point of methylated spirits. Methylated spirits boiled and evaporated. Methylated spirits went through condenser; gas underwent a physical change back to the liquid (methylated spirit). Methylated spirits separated from mixture and placed in beaker. Using calculations the amount of BaCl that was needed to react with Na2So4 was found Using an electric weighing machine an exact value of Barium was then added to the mixture containing NaCl and Na2S04. BaSo4 became insoluble in the mixture, thus setting up the filtration equipment was needed. Filtration set up for separation BaS04 separated using filtration with two funnel papers and a funnel. BaS04 put on a watch glass for drying. NaCl and water was left in the mixture, thus the use of evaporating was used. Electric heater, a round bottom conical flask, condenser and tubes were set up to evaporate the water from the NaCl. Water was placed into a separate beaker and then placed in the air drying area to evaporate any extra water, leaving an accurate solution of NaCl. Discussion This extended experimental investigation determined whether a substance can be separated effectively based on its chemical and physical components, allowing 5% to pass as an accurate result. Therefore analyzing the results in table into graphs will be most efficient to display the data. Graph 1 compares actual mass to the experimental mass of only gram solutions. It is evident to note that all the mixtures despite the outliers barium sulfate and sodium sulfate are in an error range of 5-10%. The most accurate result was the iron fillings; 99.17% of the iron fillings were extrapolated from the mixture. The 2nd most efficient extrapolated data was the sodium chloride with 96% extrapolated. Sand was also quite efficiently extrapolated however only 89.45% was separated from the mixture. The two drastic outliers did however have a major effect on the hypotheses. As barium sulfate sodium sulfate had only 50% separated from the mixture. Analyzing graph 2 it is appropriate to suggest that the methods that were used to extrapolate methylated spirits and hexane may not have been most appropriate as there was in both hexane and methylated spirits 1 ml missing (4%). However despite this diminutive difference it is acknowledgeable to suggest that the techniques did work as 96% of both hexane and methylated spirits was extrapolated from the mixture. Therefore the hypothesis was proven correct as there was a 4% error. However it is recommended that if the experiment was to be done again different methods of separation may apply to both hexane and methylated spirits. It is therefore appropriate to suggest that the hypothesis was proven wrong as the sand, barium sulfate and sodium sulfate all had more than a 5% error range. Many variable may have caused the inaccurate results of all substances, as it must be notable not one substance was fully extrapolated to 100%. Finding the right amount of each substance was extremely important as it then proved that mixtures can be separated based on their physical and chemical properties. The erroneous results create room for discussion into what may have caused the different result. One major variable may be the use of equipment. Hexane was separated using decanting with a stirring rod and manually pouring the oil into another container, however there was 1ml of hexane missing the reason to why may been defined as not enough care when titrating or maybe the whole techniques was wrong itself.